Contact Form

Name

Email *

Message *

Tuesday, 9 September 2025

Saying 'No' Politely: The Use of Refusal Strategies by Moroccan EFL University Learners


 This study investigates the refusal strategies employed by Moroccan EFL university learners across a variety of social situations. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on data from Discourse Completion Tests (DCTs) and Focus Group Interviews (FGIs) to explore how learners refuse requests, offers, invitations, and suggestions. The analysis reveals that indirect strategies are the most frequently used, significantly outnumbering direct and adjunctive strategies across the collected responses. Statistical tests confirm that this preference is consistent across all scenarios. Interview data further reinforce these results, showing that students tend to issue refusals when a situation is beyond their capacity or conflicts with personal or cultural values. Learners often opt for polite, indirect expressions to reduce the risk of face-threatening acts (FTAs) and maintain social harmony. These findings underscore the influence of sociocultural norms on pragmatic behaviour and provide valuable insights into interlanguage pragmatics. The study highlights the importance of integrating pragmatic instruction into EFL curricula to better equip learners with the communicative skills needed for effective interaction in real-life situations.

Read full article: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/395341881_Saying_'No'_Politely_The_Use_of_Refusal_Strategies_by_Moroccan_EFL_University_Learners

Tuesday, 2 September 2025

Gender and the Pragmatics of Refusal: A Study of Moroccan University Learners of English

 Abdelaziz EL HAMMOUCHI
https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v7i5.2247


** Abstract**

This study investigates the use of refusal strategies within the framework of pragmatics and politeness theory, with a specific focus on gender-based patterns among Moroccan university learners of English. The research explores whether male and female participants employ refusal strategies similarly across various situations. Using a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) questionnaire, data were collected and analysed quantitatively to identify the frequency and types of refusal strategies used. The findings reveal that male and female participants generally follow comparable patterns in their use of refusal strategies, with only minor differences observed in a single situation. These results contribute to the understanding of gender and pragmatic competence, offering insights into how politeness and social norms shape refusal behaviour in a second language context.

Research Framework & Method

  • Grounded in Pragmatics and Politeness Theory, with a foundation in Speech Acts Theory.

  • Utilized a Discourse Completion Task (DCT) questionnaire to elicit refusal responses in various contexts.

  • Employed quantitative analysis to examine the frequency and type of refusal strategies across gender groups.


Key Findings

  • Main takeaway: Both male and female Moroccan university learners of English largely use similar strategies when refusing requests or invitations.

  • Minor nuance: A small gender difference was observed in just one specific situation, though generally, the patterns remain comparable.


Significance & Implications

  • Deepens our understanding of how gender and social norms influence pragmatic behaviour in second language learners.

  • Offers valuable insights for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching, curriculum design, and intercultural communication training—highlighting how culturally shaped norms affect refusal strategies.

Sunday, 31 August 2025

Islam between Religion and Culture: A Dialectical Approach

 

πŸ” About the Book

Islam between Religion and Culture: A Dialectical Approach
Drawing on Terry Eagleton’s dialectical approach, the study argues that culture and belief are inseparable building blocks of the human subject, influencing actions, attitudes, and social interactions. The research also situates Islam within cultural practices, exploring how religious creeds interact with social norms in Moroccan society.

🧠 Research Approach

  • The study adopts a quantitative methodology, surveying students at the School of Arts and Humanities, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes.

  • This population represents a segment of educated Moroccan youth, offering insight into broader societal attitudes.

  • By consulting a wide range of books, articles, and journals, the book presents a multiperspectival analysis of culture and religion.

πŸ’‘ Key Findings

  • Students perceive Islam through a dialectical lens, linking cultural practices with religious beliefs.

  • Culture and religion are mutually constitutive, meaning one cannot be fully understood without considering the other.

  • The book provides new perspectives on how Moroccan educated youth interpret faith in daily life, contributing to debates on religion, culture, and modernity.

πŸ“š Book Details

  • Author: Abdelaziz EL HAMMOUCHI

  • Language: English

  • Pages: 104

  • Price: €26.90

  • Publisher:
    Al Ilm Publishing

For Quality Education: The Reality of Training in Regional Education and Training Centres and Possible Alternatives for Improving Training (Sidi Kacem Centre)

 Published: August 2025

Abdelaziz EL HAMMOUCHI
Independent Researcher & EFL Teacher

DOI: 10.36892/ijlls.v7i4.2252


πŸ“˜ Abstract

This study examines the challenges faced by trainees at the Sidi Kacem Centre for Education and
Training Professions, with a focus on the impact of these challenges on the quality of training. The research addresses critical issues in infrastructure, human resources, pedagogical methods, and the effectiveness of scientific research. The primary objective is to diagnose the current situation and propose strategic solutions to enhance training quality at the centre. An analytical approach was employed, utilizing a questionnaire to dissect the components of the issue and explore the interrelationships between its various factors. The study surveyed 50 participants from the centre, with data analysis conducted using SPSS software. The findings reveal that inadequate infrastructure significantly impedes training quality and highlight the necessity for both initial and ongoing professional development. The study also underscores the importance of effective pedagogical strategies in improving professional qualifications and the pivotal role of technology in shaping the educators of tomorrow. Furthermore, the results emphasize the urgency of accelerating intervention projects to equip trainees with essential 21st-century skills. The recommendations have been forwarded to the institution’s management for consideration in the centre’s ongoing rehabilitation efforts, aiming to improve professional development and operational effectiveness.


πŸ” Key Findings

  • Infrastructure Challenges: Inadequate facilities and resources hinder effective training.

  • Human Resources: Limited qualified trainers affect the quality of instruction.

  • Pedagogical Methods: Traditional teaching approaches are prevalent, limiting interactive learning.

  • Research Effectiveness: Insufficient integration of scientific research into training programs.


πŸ’‘ Proposed Solutions

  • Infrastructure Development: Investing in modern facilities and resources to support effective training.

  • Trainer Development: Enhancing the qualifications and skills of trainers through continuous professional development.

  • Pedagogical Innovation: Adopting interactive and student-centered teaching methods.

  • Research Integration: Incorporating scientific research into training programs to enhance relevance and quality.


πŸ”— Read the Full Study

For a comprehensive analysis and detailed recommendations, access the full study here: (PDF) For Quality Education: The Reality of Training in Regional Education and Training Centres and Possible Alternatives for Improving Training (Sidi Kacem Centre)

Gender Representation in Moroccan Secondary School English Textbooks: A Case Study of "Insights into English"

Published: August 2025

DOI: 10.36892/ijlls.v7i4.2256


πŸ” What’s the Study About?

In our latest research, we delve into the portrayal of gender in the Moroccan secondary school English textbook Insights into English. Our analysis reveals that while the textbook aims to educate, it inadvertently perpetuates gender stereotypes—particularly by presenting women in passive roles and focusing on their appearance rather than their actions or intellect.


πŸ’‘ Why Does This Matter?

Textbooks are more than just educational tools; they shape perceptions and influence young minds. By reinforcing outdated gender norms, we risk limiting students' understanding of equality and inclusivity. This study serves as a call to action for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers to critically assess and update educational materials to reflect a more balanced and progressive view of gender.


πŸ“ Key Findings:

  • Visual Representation: Women are predominantly depicted in passive, decorative roles.

  • Dialogue Content: Conversations often center around women's appearance rather than their capabilities or achievements.

  • Impact on Students: Such portrayals can influence students' perceptions of gender roles and contribute to the perpetuation of stereotypes.


πŸ› ️ Recommendations:

To foster a more equitable learning environment, we propose:

  • Inclusive Content: Ensure that both genders are represented equally in all aspects of the textbook.

  • Active Roles: Depict women and men in diverse, active roles that challenge traditional stereotypes.

  • Critical Discussions: Encourage classroom dialogues that question and analyze gender representations in educational materials.

Enhancing Teacher Training Quality through Transversal Skills: A Case Study of CRMEF Sidi Kacem

 

Published: August 2025
DOI: 10.64420/ijitl.v2i2.308


πŸ“˜ Abstract

This study investigates the integration of transversal skills into teach
er training programs at CRMEF Sidi Kacem, Morocco. Utilizing interactive research methodologies, including questionnaires and content analysis, the research highlights the importance of equipping teacher trainees with skills such as critical thinking, communication, and adaptability. The findings suggest that incorporating these competencies can enhance teaching effectiveness and better prepare educators for the challenges of modern classrooms.


🧠 Reflections

Reflecting on this research, it is evident that teacher training programs must evolve to meet the dynamic needs of education. By focusing on transversal skills, we can foster educators who are not only knowledgeable but also adaptable and innovative. This approach aligns with global trends in education reform and supports Morocco's efforts to improve its educational system.


Why this matters?

In today’s rapidly changing classrooms, teachers need more than knowledge—they need flexible, creative, and resilient skills. Our study shows that integrating these transversal skills in training programs can make a real difference in education quality.

Wednesday, 9 March 2016

A Happy Ending to The Zahir

The writer spent nights without sleep and days delving into the depth his mysterious thoughts about his wife (or ex-wife because he can’t decide what status she has after she has left without leaving any message explaining to him that weird decision). In his mind, he could build worlds and destroy others. He was haunted by the Zahir. He refrained from eating and drinking. He was fed by the good memories he had with Esther. Good memories that have torn him apart and simultaneously bewildered his mind because he could not fathom out the reason why she has left him without any alert.
“Does she really love me,” the writer wonders 
"If she does, she would not leave me. She would stay and console me for I’m undergoing dreadful experiences these days. She would stay because we have spent beautiful and cheerful dozen of years together,” he was trying to convince himself.
Day in day out, the writer started to feel that his days are reiterated. He had the feeling that he was doing the same activities. At night thinking endlessly and constantly about Esther until the first light of dawn breaks into his room and which sheds a straight light on the wall leaving him to wonder about whether he has chances to meet her again or not. At day light he tries to find an answer to why she has left him. As a way to change the routine, the writer began to go to a restaurant nearby his house. There, he knew about a famous therapy group in the city. It was run by Mikhail, a Kazakh who was helped by the writer’s wife after he felt hopeless and lost.

In the evening, the writer unexpectedly got up from his bed and put on his clothes then headed to the restaurant. On a secluded table, he was watching the show that Mikhail was exhibiting with a group of people who used to regularly attend it. Each of them had many family and social problems that were stuck in their minds and they wanted to free themselves from the burden they carried each day. Voicing one’s thought makes a person feel secured and helps in alleviating the burden.

The writer hesitated many times to get on that stage and unravel the worlds the mystery that causes him insomnia. Yet, one day he managed to talk to Mikhail at the end of the regular sessions. To his surprise, he found out that Esther, who is much older than him, was in love with Mikhail.

unexpectedly, the writer showed no emotions about that. His main concern was to know about her (ex-)wife's new residence. He knew that she used to hang out with Mikhail and thought having a conversation with him might give him a clue. After a series of meetings and conversations, Mikhail told the writer about the location of Esther written on a paper and inserted in an envelope. 
  
The next day, the writer packed his luggage and set off his way to Kazakhstan where Esther lives. Once the writer reached the place by the help of Mikhail and Dos, Mikhail’s friend, he took off his jacket and lit a cigarette then sat on the footstep of Esther’s house. Because he felt that he fulfilled his purpose, he thought of getting back and forgetting about the whole issue. Then he made up his mind and opened the door of the house to find out that she was reading an article, which he wrote years ago and which he dedicated to her, to a couple of children.
“Class is dismissed now. I have to have a word with an old friend,” Esther said to the children 
“Okay, Madam. Have a nice day” the children politely replied
The writer’s eyes burst into tears and started weeping like a young child. Esther was coming along to him and her eyes were full of tears. They did not say a word. She hugged him and whispered in his ears
“I miss you so much. I’ve committed a big mistake for leaving you. Your absence made me rethink so many things I was wrong at. I came to the conclusion that you are the perfect person to me and no one will take your place.” She affectionately whispered in his ears.
The writer was stuttering over words because he was weeping. She could barely hear that he was saying
“I can’t live without you and I have committed mistakes. From those mistakes I could understand that you mean a lot to me.”
They confessed their mistakes and both of them went back to France to live happily with each other. They both learnt that distance has made them rectify their mistakes and come to the conclusion that they love each other.


By Abdelaziz EL HAMMOUCHI